The properties of sliding friction were discovered by experiment in the 15th

The properties of sliding friction were discovered by experiment in the 15th to 18th centuries and were expressed as three empirical laws:

* Amontons' First Law: The force of friction is directly proportional to the applied load.
* Amontons' Second Law: The force of friction is independent of the apparent area of contact.
* Coulomb's Law of Friction: Kinetic friction is independent of the sliding velocity.

Amontons' 2nd Law is an idealization assuming perfectly rigid and inelastic materials. For example, wider tires on cars provide more traction than narrow tires for a given vehicle mass because of surface deformation of the tire.[citation needed]

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if they did not, the wheels would spin, and the rubber would slide backwards along the pavement. Note that it is not the direction of movement of the vehicle they oppose, it is the direction of (potential) sliding between tire and road.

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